VLBW: Mothers Milk vs Exclusive Formula (2020)

VLBW: Mothers Milk vs Exclusive Formula (2020)

• Intervention
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and mortality?

  • Conclusion

    Providing very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with exclusive mother's own milk (MOM) compared to exclusive preterm formula is not associated with incidence of death prior to hospital discharge.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and mortality?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Manzoni P,Stolfi I, Pedicino R, Vagnarelli F, Mosca F, Pugni L, Bollani L, Pozzi M, Gomez K, Tzialla C, Borghesi A, Decembrino L, Mostert M, Latino M, Priolo C, Galletto P, Gallo E, Rizzollo S, Tavella E, Luparia M, Corona G, Barberi I, Tridapalli E, Faldella G, Vetrano G, Memo L, Saia O, Bordignon L, Messner H, Cattani S, Della Casa E, Laforgia N, Quercia M, Romeo M, Betta P, Rinaldi M, Magaldi R, Maule M, Stronati M, Farina D. Human milk feeding prevents retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm VLBW neonates. Early Human Development 2013; 89:S64-8
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mothers' milk intake vs. exclusive formula and necrotizing enterocolitis?

  • Conclusion

    Providing near exclusive mothers' milk to very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants, compared to providing exclusive preterm formula is not significantly associated with odds of acquiring necrotizing enterocolitis within 6-11 weeks [OR(95% CI): 0.55 (0.22,1.39)].

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula and necrotizing enterocolitis?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Hendrickse W, Spencer S, Roberton D, Hull D. The calorie intake and weight gain of low birth weight infants fed on fresh breast milk or a special formula milk. European Journal of Pediatrics 1984; 143:49-53
      • Manzoni P,Stolfi I, Pedicino R, Vagnarelli F, Mosca F, Pugni L, Bollani L, Pozzi M, Gomez K, Tzialla C, Borghesi A, Decembrino L, Mostert M, Latino M, Priolo C, Galletto P, Gallo E, Rizzollo S, Tavella E, Luparia M, Corona G, Barberi I, Tridapalli E, Faldella G, Vetrano G, Memo L, Saia O, Bordignon L, Messner H, Cattani S, Della Casa E, Laforgia N, Quercia M, Romeo M, Betta P, Rinaldi M, Magaldi R, Maule M, Stronati M, Farina D. Human milk feeding prevents retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm VLBW neonates. Early Human Development 2013; 89:S64-8
      • Mol N, Zasada M, Kwinta P. Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study . Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018; :1-6
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula and sepsis?

  • Conclusion

    Providing exclusive mother's milk to very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants, compared to providing exclusive preterm formula, is not significantly associated with odds of sepsis/late onset sepsis after approximately 7-11 weeks [OR (95% CI): 0.73 (0.45, 1.18)].

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula and sepsis?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Manzoni P,Stolfi I, Pedicino R, Vagnarelli F, Mosca F, Pugni L, Bollani L, Pozzi M, Gomez K, Tzialla C, Borghesi A, Decembrino L, Mostert M, Latino M, Priolo C, Galletto P, Gallo E, Rizzollo S, Tavella E, Luparia M, Corona G, Barberi I, Tridapalli E, Faldella G, Vetrano G, Memo L, Saia O, Bordignon L, Messner H, Cattani S, Della Casa E, Laforgia N, Quercia M, Romeo M, Betta P, Rinaldi M, Magaldi R, Maule M, Stronati M, Farina D. Human milk feeding prevents retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm VLBW neonates. Early Human Development 2013; 89:S64-8
      • Mol N, Zasada M, Kwinta P. Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study . Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018; :1-6
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula and bronchopulmonary disease??

  • Conclusion

    In one small cohort study, providing greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk to very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, compared to providing exclusive preterm formula, was not significantly associated with the odds of developing bronchopulmonary disease.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula and bronchopulmonary disease?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Mol N, Zasada M, Kwinta P. Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study . Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018; :1-6
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula and retinopathy of prematurity?

  • Conclusion

    Providing greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk to very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants, compared to providing exclusive preterm formula, is associated with lower odds of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after 7-11 weeks [OR (95% CI): 0.11 (0.04, 0.31)].

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula and retinopathy of prematurity?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Manzoni P,Stolfi I, Pedicino R, Vagnarelli F, Mosca F, Pugni L, Bollani L, Pozzi M, Gomez K, Tzialla C, Borghesi A, Decembrino L, Mostert M, Latino M, Priolo C, Galletto P, Gallo E, Rizzollo S, Tavella E, Luparia M, Corona G, Barberi I, Tridapalli E, Faldella G, Vetrano G, Memo L, Saia O, Bordignon L, Messner H, Cattani S, Della Casa E, Laforgia N, Quercia M, Romeo M, Betta P, Rinaldi M, Magaldi R, Maule M, Stronati M, Farina D. Human milk feeding prevents retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm VLBW neonates. Early Human Development 2013; 89:S64-8
      • Mol N, Zasada M, Kwinta P. Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study . Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018; :1-6
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula and weight gain?

  • Conclusion

    When very low birth weight (VLBW) infants were provided with greater than or equal to 75% fortified mother's milk, there was no difference in weight gain compared to infants receiving exclusive preterm formula.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants(less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake on weight gain?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Atkinson S, Bryan M, Anderson G. Human milk feeding in premature infants: protein, fat, and carbohydrate balances in the first two weeks of life. Journal of Pediatrics 1981; 99:617-24
      • Atkinson S, Radde I, Anderson G. Macromineral balances in premature infants fed their own mothers' milk or formula. Journal of Pediatrics 1983; 102:99-106
      • Chan G. Growth and bone mineral status of discharged very low birth weight infants fed different formulas or human milk. The Journal of Pediatrics 1993; 123:439-43
      • Doege C, Bauer J. Effect of high volume intake of mother's milk with an individualized supplementation of minerals and protein on early growth of preterm infants less than 28 weeks of gestation. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2007; 26:581-8
      • Genzel-Boroviczény O, Hrboticky N. Plasma values of polyunsaturated fatty acids in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants fed breast milk or formula very early in life. European Journal of Medical Research 1996; 1:495-8
      • Hendrickse W, Spencer S, Roberton D, Hull D. The calorie intake and weight gain of low birth weight infants fed on fresh breast milk or a special formula milk. European Journal of Pediatrics 1984; 143:49-53
      • Modanlou H, Lim M, Hansen J, Sickles V. Growth, biochemical status, and mineral metabolism in very-low-birth-weight infants receiving fortified preterm human milk. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1986; 5:762-7
      • Mol N, Zasada M, Kwinta P. Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study . Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018; :1-6
      • Morlacchi L, Roggero P, Giannì M, Bracco B, Porri D, Battiato E, Menis C, Liotto N, Mallardi D, Mosca F. Protein use and weight-gain quality in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants fed human milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 107:195-200
      • Schanler R, Garza C, Nichols B. Fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight infants: results of growth and nutrient balance studies. Journal of Pediatrics 1985; 107:437-45
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and fat mass and fat free mass?

  • Conclusion

    In very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants, the relationship between providing exclusive fortified mother's milk or preterm formula and body composition is unclear. 

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and fat mass and fat free mass?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Mol N, Zasada M, Kwinta P. Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study . Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018; :1-6
      • Morlacchi L, Roggero P, Giannì M, Bracco B, Porri D, Battiato E, Menis C, Liotto N, Mallardi D, Mosca F. Protein use and weight-gain quality in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants fed human milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 107:195-200
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake on head circumference?

  • Conclusion

    When very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants were provided with ≥75% fortified mother's milk there was no difference in head circumference gain compared to infants receiving exclusive preterm formula

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake on head circumference?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Atkinson S, Bryan M, Anderson G. Human milk feeding in premature infants: protein, fat, and carbohydrate balances in the first two weeks of life. Journal of Pediatrics 1981; 99:617-24
      • Atkinson S, Radde I, Anderson G. Macromineral balances in premature infants fed their own mothers' milk or formula. Journal of Pediatrics 1983; 102:99-106
      • Doege C, Bauer J. Effect of high volume intake of mother's milk with an individualized supplementation of minerals and protein on early growth of preterm infants less than 28 weeks of gestation. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2007; 26:581-8
      • Modanlou H, Lim M, Hansen J, Sickles V. Growth, biochemical status, and mineral metabolism in very-low-birth-weight infants receiving fortified preterm human milk. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1986; 5:762-7
      • Mol N, Zasada M, Kwinta P. Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study . Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018; :1-6
      • Morlacchi L, Roggero P, Giannì M, Bracco B, Porri D, Battiato E, Menis C, Liotto N, Mallardi D, Mosca F. Protein use and weight-gain quality in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants fed human milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 107:195-200
      • Schanler R, Garza C, Nichols B. Fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight infants: results of growth and nutrient balance studies. Journal of Pediatrics 1985; 107:437-45
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and gastrointestinal health or bone mineral content?

  • Conclusion

    No studies were identified that evalated the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake versus exclusive formula intake and gastrointestinal health or bone mineral content.  

  • Grade: V
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mothers' milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and protein utilization?

  • Conclusion

    In very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants, the relationship between feeding type (exclusive mothers' milk vs. formula) and protein utilization is unclear due to risk of bias, small sample sizes and inconsistency in findings. However, two out of three studies suggested that nitrogen retention may be higher in VLBW preterm infants fed mothers' milk.  

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mothers' milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and protein utilization?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Atkinson S, Bryan M, Anderson G. Human milk feeding in premature infants: protein, fat, and carbohydrate balances in the first two weeks of life. Journal of Pediatrics 1981; 99:617-24
      • Morlacchi L, Roggero P, Giannì M, Bracco B, Porri D, Battiato E, Menis C, Liotto N, Mallardi D, Mosca F. Protein use and weight-gain quality in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants fed human milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 107:195-200
      • Schanler R, Garza C, Nichols B. Fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight infants: results of growth and nutrient balance studies. Journal of Pediatrics 1985; 107:437-45
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and skinfold measurement?

  • Conclusion

    One small cohort study found no relationship between providing fortified mother's milk compared to formula and gains in skinfold measurements after approximately 8 weeks.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and skinfold measurement?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Schanler R, Garza C, Nichols B. Fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight infants: results of growth and nutrient balance studies. Journal of Pediatrics 1985; 107:437-45
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and visual acuity?

  • Conclusion

    Two studies examined the relationship between providing mother's milk or infant formulas and visual acuity until up to 57 weeks post-conceptual age in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants, and findings were unclear due to inconsistencies between studies and dated feeding procedures.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and visual acuity?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Birch D, Birch E, Hoffman D ,Uauy R. Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1992; 33:2365-76
      • Birch E, Birch D, Hoffman D, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1992; 33:3242-53
      • Hoffman D, Birch E, Birch D, Uauy R. Effects of supplementation with omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on retinal and cortical development in premature infants. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993; 57:807S-812S
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake on length gain?

  • Conclusion

    When very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants were provided with greater than or equal to 75% fortified mother's milk, there was no difference in length gain compared to infants receiving exclusive preterm formula.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mother's milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake on length gain?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Atkinson S, Bryan M, Anderson G. Human milk feeding in premature infants: protein, fat, and carbohydrate balances in the first two weeks of life. Journal of Pediatrics 1981; 99:617-24
      • Atkinson S, Radde I, Anderson G. Macromineral balances in premature infants fed their own mothers' milk or formula. Journal of Pediatrics 1983; 102:99-106
      • Chan G. Growth and bone mineral status of discharged very low birth weight infants fed different formulas or human milk. The Journal of Pediatrics 1993; 123:439-43
      • Doege C, Bauer J. Effect of high volume intake of mother's milk with an individualized supplementation of minerals and protein on early growth of preterm infants less than 28 weeks of gestation. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2007; 26:581-8
      • Modanlou H, Lim M, Hansen J, Sickles V. Growth, biochemical status, and mineral metabolism in very-low-birth-weight infants receiving fortified preterm human milk. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1986; 5:762-7
      • Mol N, Zasada M, Kwinta P. Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study . Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018; :1-6
      • Morlacchi L, Roggero P, Giannì M, Bracco B, Porri D, Battiato E, Menis C, Liotto N, Mallardi D, Mosca F. Protein use and weight-gain quality in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants fed human milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 107:195-200
      • Schanler R, Garza C, Nichols B. Fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight infants: results of growth and nutrient balance studies. Journal of Pediatrics 1985; 107:437-45
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019
     
  In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mothers' milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and BUN?

  • Conclusion

    One small cohort study with significant risk of bias demonstrated no difference in blood urea levels between infants receiving MOM vs LBW formula.

  • Grade: III
    • Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
    • Grade II is Fair;
    • Grade III is Limited/Weak;
    • Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
    • Grade V is Not Assignable.
    • High (A) means we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect;
    • Moderate (B) means we are moderately confident in the effect estimate;
    • Low (C) means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited;
    • Very Low (D) means we have very little confidence in the effect estimate.
    • Ungraded means a grade is not assignable.
  • Evidence Summary: In VLBW preterm infants (less than or equal to 1,500g at birth), what is the association between greater than or equal to 75% mothers' milk intake vs. exclusive formula intake and BUN?
    • Detail
    • Quality Rating Summary
      For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
    • Worksheets
      • Hendrickse W, Spencer S, Roberton D, Hull D. The calorie intake and weight gain of low birth weight infants fed on fresh breast milk or a special formula milk. European Journal of Pediatrics 1984; 143:49-53
  • Search Plan and Results: VLBW: Mothers's Milk vs Formula 2019