AWM: References (2014)

References used in this guideline are listed within each recommendation, see the Major Recommendations section.
To view references included and excluded from this evidence analysis, view the Criteria and Results for Specific Topics.

Adult Weight Management 2014 Major Recommendation References

Nutrition Screening and Referral

AWM: Screening and Referral for MNT

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Loria CM, Ard JD, Millen BE, Comuzzie AG, Nonas CA, Donato KA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Hu FB, Stevens J, Hubbard VS, Stevens VJ, Jakicic JM, Wadden TA, Kushner RF, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013), doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.004.

United States Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for and Management of Obesity in Adults. Release date: June 2012. Accessible at: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsobes.htm

United States Preventive Services Task Force. Behavioral Counseling in Primary Care to Promote a Healthy Diet. Release date: January 2003. Accessible at: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsdiet.htm

Nutrition Assessment

AWM: Medical Nutrition Therapy

Ashley JM, Herzog H, Clodfelter S, Bovee V, Schrage J, Pritsos C. Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: A randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group. Nutrition Journal 2007; 6: 12.

Dengel DR, Kelly AS, Olson TP, Kaiser DR, Dengel JL, Bank AJ. Effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness in overweight adults. Metabolism 2006; 55: 907-911.

Digenio AG, Mancuso JP, Gerber RA, Dvorak RV. Comparison of methods for delivering a lifestyle modification program for obese patients: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150 (4): 255-262.

Eilat-Adar S, Eldar M, Goldbourt U. Association of intentional changes in body weight with coronary heart disease event rates in overweight subjects who have an additional coronary risk factor. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 352-358.

Feigenbaum A, Pasternak S, Zusk E, Sarid M, Vinker S. Influence of intense multidisciplinary follow-up and orlistat on weight reduction in a primary care setting. BMC Fam Pract. 2005; 6(1): 5.

Holm RP, Taussig MT, Carlton E. Behavioral modification in a weight-reduction program. J Am Diet Assoc. 1983; 83(2): 170-174.

Melin I, Karlstrom B, Lappalainen R, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Vessby B. A programme of behaviour modification and nutrition counselling in the treatment of obesity: a randomized 2-y clinical trial. Int J Obesity 2003;27:1127-1135.

Raatz SK, Wimmer JK, Kwong CA and Shalamar DS. Intensive diet instruction by registered dietitians improves weight-loss success. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008; 108 (1): 110-113.

Richardson CR, Brown BB, Foley S, Dial KS, Lowery JC. Feasibility of adding enhanced pedometer feedback to nutritional counseling for weight loss. J Med Internet Res. 2005; 7 (5): e56.

Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, McManus K, Champagne CM, Bishop LM, Laranjo N, Leboff MS, Rood JC, de Jonge L, Greenway FL, Loria CM, Obarzanek E, Williamson DA. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360 (9): 859-873.

Schneider R, Golzman B, Turkot S, Kogan J, Oren S. Effect of weight loss on blood pressure, arterial compliance, and insulin resistance in normotensive obese subjects. Am J Med Sci. 2005; 330(4): 157-160.

Willaing I, Ladelund S, Jorgensen T, Simonsen T, Nielsen LM. Nutritional counselling in primary health care: a randomized comparison of an intervention by general practitioner or dietician. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 2004; 11: 513-520.

Ash S, Reeves MM, Yeo S, Morrison G, Carey D, Capra S. Effect of intensive dietetic interventions on weight and glycaemic control in overweight men with Type II diabetes: a randomised trial. International Journal of Obesity. 2003; 27:797-802.

Berne C, for the Orlistat Swedish Type 2 Diabetes Study Group. A randomized study of orlistat in combination with a weight management programme in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Diabetic Medicine 2005;22: 612-618.

Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Parker B, Foster P, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of advice to consume a high-protein, low-fat diet, rather than a conventional weight-loss diet, in obese adults with Type 2 diabetes: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1677-1686.

Brown SA, Upchurch S, Anding R, Winter M, Ramirez G. Promoting weight loss in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(6):613-624.

Derosa G, Cicero AF, Murdolo G, Ciccarelli L, Fogari R. Comparison of metabolic effects of orlistat and sibutramine treatment in Type 2 diabetic obese patients. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2004;17:222-229.

Hanefeld M, Sachse G. The effects of orlistat on body weight and glycaemic control in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2002; 4:415-423.

Hollander PA, Elbein SC, Hirsch IB, Kelley D, McGill J, Taylor T, Weiss SR, Crockett SE, Kaplan RA, Comstock J, Lucas CP, Lodewick PA, Canovatchel W, Chung J, Hauptman J. Role of orlistat in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1288-1294.

Kelley DE, Bray GA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Klein S, Hill J, Miles J, Hollander P. Clinical efficacy of orlistat therapy in overweight and obese patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1033-1041.

Li Z, Hong K, Saltsman P, DeShields S, Bellman M, Thames G, Liu Y, Wang H-J, Elashoff R, Heber D. Long-term efficacy of soy-based meal replacements vs an individualized diet plan in obese type II DM patients: relative effects on weight loss, metabolic parameters, and C-reactive protein. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:411-418

Manning RM, Jung RT, Leese GP, Newton RW. The Comparison of Four Weight Reduction Strategies Aimed at Overweight Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Four-year Follow-up. Diabetic Medicine 1998;15:497-502.

Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Antonio AM, Smith SM, Kirkner G, Martin SL, Parra-Medina D, Schultz R. Pounds off with Empowerment (POWER): a clinical trial of weight management strategies for black and white adults with diabetes who live in medically underserved rural communities. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1736-1742.

McNulty SJ, Ur E, Williams G, for the Multicenter Sibutramine Study Group. A randomized trial of sibutramine in the management of obese type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin. Diabetes Care 2003;125-131.

Metz JA, Stern JS, Kris-Etherton P, Reusser ME, Morris CD, Hatton DC, Oparil S, Haynes RB, Resnick LM, Pi-Sunyer FX, Clark S, Chester L, McMahon M, Snyder GW, McCarron DA. A randomized trial of improved weight loss with a prepared meal plan in overweight and obese patients: impact on cardiovascular risk reduction. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2150-2158.

Miles JM, Leiter L, Hollander P, Wadden T, Anderson JW, Doyle M, Foreyt J, Aronne L and Klein S. Effect of orlistat in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Diabetes Care 2002;25(7):1123-1128.

Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Bowman B, Serdula M, Brown TJ, Schmid CH and Lau J. Long-term effectiveness of lifestyle and behavioral weight loss interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2004 Nov 15;117(10):762-74.

Paisey RB, Frost J, Harvey P, Paisey A, Bower L, Paisey RM, Taylor P, Belka I. Five-year results of a prospective very low calorie diet or conventional weight loss programme in type 2 diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet 2002;15(2):121-7.

Redmon JB, Raatz SK, Reck KP, Swanson JE, Kwong CA, Fan Q, Thomas W and Bantle JP. One-year outcome of a combination of weight loss therapies for subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2003;26(9):2505-2511.

Redmon JB, Reck KP, Raatz SK, Swanson JE, Kwong CA, Ji H, Thomas W, Bantle JP. Two-year outcome of a combination of weight loss therapies for Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1311-1315.

Sanchez-Reyes L, Fanghanel G, Yamamoto J, Martinez-Rivas L, Campos-Franco E, Berber A. Use of sibutramine in overweight adult Hispanic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clinical Therapeutics 2004; 26(9):1427-1435.

Vettor R, Serra R, Fabris R, Pagano C and Federspil G. Effect of sibutramine on weight management and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of clinical studies. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(4): 942-949.

Wing RR, Koeske R, Epstein LH, Nowalk MP, Gooding W, Becker D. Long-term effects of modest weight-loss in type II diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:1749-1753.

Wolf AM, Conaway MR, Crowther JQ, Hazen KY, Nadler JL, Oneida B, Bovbjerg VE. Translating Lifestyle Intervention to Practice in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study. Diabetes Care, 2004; 27 (7): 1,570-1,576.

Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Insitutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 02-5215, September 2002

Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Brown DW. The metabolic syndrome and antioxidant concentrations: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes. 2003 Sep; 52 (9): 2,346-2,352.

Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C, for the Conference Participants. Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome, Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.

Grundy SM, Hansen B et.al. Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association Conference on scientific Issues Related to Management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.

Irwin ML, Ainsworth BE, Mayer-Davis EJ, Addy CL, Pate RR, Durstine JL.Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in a tri-ethnic sample of women. Obes Res. 2002 Oct; 10 (10): 1,030-1,037.

Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Männikkö N, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Aug; 35 (8): 1,279-1,286.

Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Tousoulis D, Toutouza M, Toutouzas P, Stefanadis C. Impact of lifestyle habits on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greek adults from the ATTICA study. Am Heart J. 2004 Jan; 147 (1): 106-112.

Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Papaioannou I, Papadimitriou L, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. The adoption of Mediterranean diet attenuates the development of acute coronary syndromes in people with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr J. 2003 Mar 19; 2: 1.

Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Insitutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 02-5215, September 2002

Case CC, Jones PH, Nelson K, O'Brian Smith E, Ballantyne CM. Impact of weight loss on the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2002 Nov; 4 (6): 407-414.

Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C, for the Conference Participants. Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome, Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.

Grundy SM, Hansen B et.al. Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association Conference on scientific Issues Related to Management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.

Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, et al. Targeting the Metabolic Syndrome with Exercise: Evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35:1703-1709, 2003.

Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Insitutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 02-5215, September 2002

Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Brown DW. The metabolic syndrome and antioxidant concentrations: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes. 2003 Sep; 52 (9): 2,346-2,352.

Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C, for the Conference Participants. Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome, Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.

Grundy SM, Hansen B et.al. Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association Conference on scientific Issues Related to Management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.

Irwin ML, Ainsworth BE, Mayer-Davis EJ, Addy CL, Pate RR, Durstine JL.Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in a tri-ethnic sample of women. Obes Res. 2002 Oct; 10 (10): 1,030-1,037.

Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Männikkö N, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Aug; 35 (8): 1,279-1,286.

Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Tousoulis D, Toutouza M, Toutouzas P, Stefanadis C. Impact of lifestyle habits on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greek adults from the ATTICA study. Am Heart J. 2004 Jan; 147 (1): 106-112.

Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Papaioannou I, Papadimitriou L, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. The adoption of Mediterranean diet attenuates the development of acute coronary syndromes in people with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr J. 2003 Mar 19; 2: 1.

Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Insitutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 02-5215, September 2002

Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Brown DW. The metabolic syndrome and antioxidant concentrations: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes. 2003 Sep; 52 (9): 2,346-2,352.

Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C, for the Conference Participants. Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome, Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.

Grundy SM, Hansen B et.al. Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association Conference on scientific Issues Related to Management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.

Irwin ML, Ainsworth BE, Mayer-Davis EJ, Addy CL, Pate RR, Durstine JL.Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in a tri-ethnic sample of women. Obes Res. 2002 Oct; 10 (10): 1,030-1,037.

Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Männikkö N, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Aug; 35 (8): 1,279-1,286.

Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Tousoulis D, Toutouza M, Toutouzas P, Stefanadis C. Impact of lifestyle habits on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greek adults from the ATTICA study. Am Heart J. 2004 Jan; 147 (1): 106-112.

Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Papaioannou I, Papadimitriou L, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. The adoption of Mediterranean diet attenuates the development of acute coronary syndromes in people with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr J. 2003 Mar 19; 2: 1.

Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Insitutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 02-5215, September 2002

Case CC, Jones PH, Nelson K, O'Brian Smith E, Ballantyne CM. Impact of weight loss on the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2002 Nov; 4 (6): 407-414.

Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C, for the Conference Participants. Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome, Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.

Grundy SM, Hansen B et.al. Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association Conference on scientific Issues Related to Management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.

Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, et al. Targeting the Metabolic Syndrome with Exercise: Evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35:1703-1709, 2003.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. JAMA 2003;289:2560-71.

AWM: Duration and Frequency of MNT

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

AWM: Incorporating Telenutrition Interventions

Djuric Z, Mirasolo J, Kimbrough L, Brown DR, Heilbrun LK, Canar L, Venkatranamamoorthy R, Simon MS. A pilot trial of spirituality counseling for weight loss maintenance in African American breast cancer survivors. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009; 101(6): 552-564.

Gleason JA, Bourdet KL, Koehn K, Holay SY, Schaefer EJ. Cardiovascular risk reduction and dietary compliance with a home-delivered diet and lifestyle modification program. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Oct; 102 (10): 1,445-1,451. PMID: 12396164

Harvey-Berino J, West D, Krukowski R, Prewitt E, Van Biervliet A, Ashikaga T, Skelly J. Internet delivered behavioral obesity treatment. Prev Med. 2010; 51 (2): 123-128.

Izquierdo R, Lagua CT, Meyer S, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Palmas W, Eimicke JP, Kong J, Teresi JA, Shea S, Weinstock RS. Telemedicine intervention effects on waist circumference and body mass index in the IDEATel project. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2010; 12 (3): 213-220.

Krukowski RA, Harvey-Berino J, Ashikaga T, Thomas CS, Micco N. Internet-based weight control: The relationship between web features and weight loss. Telemed J E Health. 2008; 14(8): 775-782.

Rossi MC, Perozzi C, Consorti C, Almonti T, Foglini P, Giostra N, Nanni P, Talevi S, Bartolomei D, Vespasiani G. An interactive diary for diet management (DAI): A new telemedicine system able to promote body weight reduction, nutritional education, and consumption of fresh local produce. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010; 12 (8): 641-647.

Touger-Decker R, Denmark R, Bruno M, O'Sullivan-Maillet J, Lasser N. Workplace weight loss program; comparing live and internet methods. J Occup Environ Med. 2010; 52(11): 1112-1118.

Turner-McGrievy GM, Campbell MK, Tate DF, Truesdale KP, Bowling M, Crosby L. Pounds off digitally study: a randomized podcasting weight-loss intervention. Am J Prev Med. 2009; 37: 263-269.

Donaldson EL, Fallows S, Morris M. A text message based weight management intervention for overweight adults. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013 Jun 6. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12096. [Epub ahead of print].

Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro SJ, Gold EC. The feasibility of using Internet support for the maintenance of weight loss. Behav Modif. 2002; 26(1): 103-116.

Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, Gold EC. Effect of internet support on the long-term maintenance of weight loss. Obes Res. 2004; 12(2): 320-329.

Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, DiGiulio M, Casey Gold B, Moldovan C, Ramirez E. Does using the Internet facilitate the maintenance of weight loss? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26(9): 1,254-1,260.

Haugen HA, Tran ZV, Wyatt HR, Barry MJ, Hill JO. Using telehealth to increase participation in weight management programs. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15(12): 3067-3077.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

AWM: Weight Management for Older Adults

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Evidence-Based Systematic Reviews. Available at http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.gov/category.cfm?cid=21

AWM: Assess Data to Individualize the Comprehensive Weight Management Program

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Evidence-Based Systematic Reviews. Available at http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.gov/category.cfm?cid=21

AWM: Assess Motivation for Weight Management

Kalodner CR, DeLucia, JL. The individual and combined effects of cognitive therapy and nutrition education as additions to a behaviour modification program for weight loss. Addictive Behaviors. 1991; 16: 255-263.

Stahre L, Hallstrom T. A short-term cognitive group treatment program gives substantial weight reduction up to 18 months from the end of treatment. A randomized controlled trial. Eating Weight Disord. 2005; 10: 51-58.

Fuller PR, Perri MG, Leermakers EA, Guyer LK. Effects of a personalized system of skill acquisition and an educational program in the treatment of obesity. Addictive Behaviors,1998, 23 (1): 97-100.

Dornelas EA, Wylie-Rosett J, Swencionis C. The DIET study: long-term outcomes of a cognitive-behavioral weight-control intervention in independent-living elders. Dietary Intervention: Evaluation of Technology. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998 Nov; 98 (11): 1,276-1,281.

Kajaste S, Brander PE, Telakivi T, Partinen M, Mustajoki P. A cognitive-behavioral weight reduction program in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with or without initial nasal CPAP: a randomized study. Sleep Medicine. 2004; 5: 125-131.

Melin I, Karlström B, Lappalainen R, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Vessby B. A program of behavior modification and nutrition counseling in the treatment of obesity: A randomized two-year clinical trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Sep; 27 (9): 1,127-1,135.

Jones H, Edwards L, Vallis TM, Ruggiero L, Rossi SR, Rossi JS, Greene G, Prochaska JO, Zinman B. Changes in diabetes self-care behaviors make a difference in glycemic control: The Diabetes Stages of Change (DiSC) study. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 (3): 732-737.

Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob J, Orchard TJ, Sereika Susan M. Improving adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet: A behavioral intervention study. Patient Education and Counseling. 2005; 57: 134-142.

Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Mitchell DL, Donnelly JE, Calder D, Nutrition Education and Social Learning Interventions for Type II Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989; 12 (2): 150-152.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

Tuah NA, Amiel C, Qureshi S, Car J, Kaur B, Majeed A. Transtheoretical model for dietary and physical exercise modification in weight loss management for overweight and obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(10):CD008066.

AWM: Assess Energy Needs

de Oliveira FC, Alves RD, Zuconi CP, Ribeiro AQ, Bressan J. Agreement between different methods and predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in overweight and obese Brazilian men. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112(9):1415-20.

Faria SL, Faria OP, Menezes CS, de Gouvea HR, de Almeida Cardeal M. Metabolic profile of clinically severe obese patients. Obes Surg 2012;22(8):1257-62.

Frankenfield DC, Rowe WA, Smith JS, Cooney RN. Validation of several established equations for resting metabolic rate in obese and non-obese people. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103: 1,152-1,159.

Heshka S, Feld K, Yang MU, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB. Resting energy expenditure in the obese: A cross-validation in the obese: A cross-validation and comparison of prediction equations. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993; 93 (9): 1,031-1,036.

Horie LM, Gonzalez MC, Torrinhas RS, Cecconello I, Waitzberg DL. New specific equation to estimate resting energy expenditure in severely obese patients. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19(5):1090-4.

Lazzer S, Agosti F, Silvestri P, Derumeaux-Burel H, Sartorio A. Prediction of resting energy expenditure in severely obese Italian women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007; 30 (1): 20-27.

Lazzer S, Agosti F, Resnik M, Marazzi N, Mornati D, Sartorio A. Prediction of resting energy expenditure in severely obese Italian males. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007; 30 (9): 754-761.

Livingston EH, Kohlstadt I. Simplified resting metabolic rate - predicting formulas for normal-sized and obese individuals. Obes Res. 2005; 13 (7): 1,255-1,262.

Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Rodriguez G, Alkorta P, Labayen I. Validity of resting energy expenditure predictive equations before and after an energy-restricted diet intervention in obese women. PLoS One 2011;6(9):e23759.

Scalfi L, Coltorti A, Sapio C, DiBiase G, Borrelli R, Contaldo F. Predicted and measured resting energy expenditure in healthy young women. Clin Nutr. 1993; 12: 1-7.

Siervo M, Boschi V, Falconi C. Which REE prediction equation should we use in normal-weight, overweight and obese women? Clin Nutr. 2003; 22(2): 193-204.

Skouroliakou M, Giannopoulou I, Kostara C, Vasilopoulou M. Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in obese psychiatric patients taking olanzapine. Nutrition. 2009; 25(2): 188-193.

Spears KE, Kim H, Behall KM, Conway JM. Hand-held indirect calorimeter offers advantages compared with prediction equations, in a group of overweight women, to determine resting energy expenditures and estimated total energy expenditures during research screening. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109 (5): 836-845.

St. Jeor ST, Cutter GR, Perumean-Chaney SE, Hall SJ, Herzog H, Bovee V. The practical use of charts to estimate resting energy expenditure in adults. Topics in Clinical Nutrition 2003;19:51-56.

Weijs PJ. Validity of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in US and Dutch overweight and obese class I and II adults aged 18-65 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(4):959-70.

Weijs PJ, Vansant GA. Validity of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in Belgian normal weight to morbid obese women. Clin Nutr 2010;29(3):347-51.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR Jr, Tudor-Locke C, Greer JL, Vezina J, Whitt-Glover MC, Leon AS. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43(8):1575-81.

Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD, editors. Institute of Medicine/National Academy of Sciences. The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, 2006. Accessed at http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/Essential_Guide/DRIEssentialGuideNutReq.pdf

Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.

AWM: Assess Energy Intake and Nutrient Content of the Diet

Ashley JM, Herzog H, Clodfelter S, Bovee V, Schrage J, Pritsos C. Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: A randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group. Nutrition Journal 2007; 6: 12.

Gardner CD, Kim S, Bersamin A, Dopler-Nelson M, Otten J, Oelrich B, Cherin R. Micronutrient quality of weight-loss diets that focus on macronutrients: results from the A TO Z study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92 (2): 304-312.

Ma Y, Pagoto SL, Griffith JA, Merriam PA, Ockene IS, Hafner AR, Olendzki BC. A dietary quality comparison of popular weight-loss plans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107 (10): 1,786-1,791.

Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Meal replacements are as effective as structured weight-loss diets for treating obesity in adults with features of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2004; 134(8): 1894-1899.

Truby H, Hiscutt R, Herriot AM, Stanley M, Delooy A, Fox KR, Baic S, Robson PJ, Macdonald I, Taylor MA, Ware R, Logan C, Livingstone M. Commercial weight loss diets meet nutrient requirements in free living adults over 8 weeks: a randomised controlled weight loss trial. Nutr J. 2008; 7: 25.

Nutrition Intervention

AWM: Realistic Weight Goal Setting

Ashley JM, Herzog H, Clodfelter S, Bovee V, Schrage J, Pritsos C. Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: A randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group. Nutrition Journal 2007; 6: 12.

Dengel DR, Kelly AS, Olson TP, Kaiser DR, Dengel JL, Bank AJ. Effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness in overweight adults. Metabolism 2006; 55: 907-911.

Digenio AG, Mancuso JP, Gerber RA, Dvorak RV. Comparison of methods for delivering a lifestyle modification program for obese patients: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150 (4): 255-262.

Eilat-Adar S, Eldar M, Goldbourt U. Association of intentional changes in body weight with coronary heart disease event rates in overweight subjects who have an additional coronary risk factor. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 352-358.

Feigenbaum A, Pasternak S, Zusk E, Sarid M, Vinker S. Influence of intense multidisciplinary follow-up and orlistat on weight reduction in a primary care setting. BMC Fam Pract. 2005; 6(1): 5.

Holm RP, Taussig MT, Carlton E. Behavioral modification in a weight-reduction program. J Am Diet Assoc. 1983; 83(2): 170-174.

Melin I, Karlstrom B, Lappalainen R, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Vessby B. A programme of behaviour modification and nutrition counselling in the treatment of obesity: a randomized 2-y clinical trial. Int J Obesity 2003;27:1127-1135.

Raatz SK, Wimmer JK, Kwong CA and Shalamar DS. Intensive diet instruction by registered dietitians improves weight-loss success. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008; 108 (1): 110-113.

Richardson CR, Brown BB, Foley S, Dial KS, Lowery JC. Feasibility of adding enhanced pedometer feedback to nutritional counseling for weight loss. J Med Internet Res. 2005; 7 (5): e56.

Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, McManus K, Champagne CM, Bishop LM, Laranjo N, Leboff MS, Rood JC, de Jonge L, Greenway FL, Loria CM, Obarzanek E, Williamson DA. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360 (9): 859-873.

Schneider R, Golzman B, Turkot S, Kogan J, Oren S. Effect of weight loss on blood pressure, arterial compliance, and insulin resistance in normotensive obese subjects. Am J Med Sci. 2005; 330(4): 157-160.

Willaing I, Ladelund S, Jorgensen T, Simonsen T, Nielsen LM. Nutritional counselling in primary health care: a randomized comparison of an intervention by general practitioner or dietician. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 2004; 11: 513-520.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

AWM: Components of a Comprehensive Weight Management Program

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

AWM: Caloric Reduction and Nutrient Adequacy

Ashley JM, Herzog H, Clodfelter S, Bovee V, Schrage J, Pritsos C. Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: A randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group. Nutrition Journal 2007; 6: 12.

Gardner CD, Kim S, Bersamin A, Dopler-Nelson M, Otten J, Oelrich B, Cherin R. Micronutrient quality of weight-loss diets that focus on macronutrients: results from the A TO Z study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92 (2): 304-312.

Ma Y, Pagoto SL, Griffith JA, Merriam PA, Ockene IS, Hafner AR, Olendzki BC. A dietary quality comparison of popular weight-loss plans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107 (10): 1,786-1,791.

Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Meal replacements are as effective as structured weight-loss diets for treating obesity in adults with features of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2004; 134(8): 1894-1899.

Truby H, Hiscutt R, Herriot AM, Stanley M, Delooy A, Fox KR, Baic S, Robson PJ, Macdonald I, Taylor MA, Ware R, Logan C, Livingstone M. Commercial weight loss diets meet nutrient requirements in free living adults over 8 weeks: a randomised controlled weight loss trial. Nutr J. 2008; 7: 25.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

AWM: Dietary Approaches for Caloric Reduction

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Evidence-Based Systematic Reviews. Available at http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.gov/category.cfm?cid=21

Institute of Medicine. Tables for DRI Values: Summary Listing Table. http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRISummaryListing3.ashx

Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD005105.

AWM: Eating Frequency and Meal Patterns

Al-Rethaiaa AS, Fahmy AE, Al-Shwaiyat NM. Obesity and eating habits among college students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2010; 9: 39.

Andersson I, Rossner S. Meal patterns in obese and normal weight men: The Gustaf study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50:639-46.

Basdevant A, Craplet C, Guy-Grand B. Snacking patterns in obese French women. Appetite. 1993;21:17-23.

Berg C, Lappas G, Wolk A, Strandhagen E, Torén K, Rosengren A, Thelle D, Lissner L Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population. Appetite. 2009 Feb; 52 (1): 21-26.

Bes-Rastrollo M, Sanchez-Villegas A, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Toledo E, Serrano-Martinez M. Prospective study of self-reported usual snacking and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: The SUN project. Clin Nutr 2010; 29 (3): 323-330.

Carels RA, Young KM, Coit C, Clayton AM, Spencer A, Wagner M. Skipping meals and alcohol consumption. The regulation of energy intake and expenditure among weight loss participants. Appetite. 2008 Nov; 51(3): 538-545.

de Zwaan M, Roerig DB, Crosby RD, Karaz S, Mitchell JE. Nighttime eating: A descriptive study. Int J Eat Disord. 2006; 39(3): 224-232.

Forslund HB, Lindroos AK, Sjostrom L, Lissner L. Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women - a simple instrument describing usual meal types. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:740-7.

Forslund HB, Torgerson JS, Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK. Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population. Intl J Obes. 2005;29:711-9.

Gluck ME, Venti CA, Salbe AD, Krakoff J. Nighttime eating: Commonly observed and related to weight gain in an inpatient food intake study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88(4): 900-905.

Holmback I, Ericson U, Gullberg B, Wirfalt E. A high eating frequency is associated with an overall healthy lifestyle in middle-aged men and women and reduced likelihood of general and central obesity in men. Br J Nutr. 2010; 104(7): 1,065-1,073.

Howarth NC, Huang TT, Roberts SB, Lin BH, McCrory MA. Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007; 31(4): 675-684.

Kant AK, Graubard BI. Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans: NHANES 1971-1975 to NHANES 1999-2002. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 Nov; 84 (5): 1,215-1,223.

Kant AF, Schatzkin A, Graubard BI, Ballard-Barbash R. Frequency of eating occasions and weight change in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Intl J Obes. 1995;19:468-74.

Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Horn WF, Barbieri TF, Mayclin PL. Weight loss is greater with consumption of large morning meals and fat-free mass is preserved with large evening meals in women on a controlled weight reduction regimen. J Nutr. 1997;127:75-82.

Kent LM, Worsley A. Trends in BMI, diet and lifestyle between 1976 and 2005 in North Sydney. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2009; 18 (3): 453-461.

Keskie-Rahkonen A, Bulik CM, Pietilainen KH, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Rissanen A. Eating Styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins. EJCN. 2007; 61: 822-829.

Lundgren JD, Smith BM, Spresser C, Harkins P, Zolton L, Williams K. The relationship of night eating to oral health and obesity in community dental clinic patients. Gen Dent 2010; 58 (3): e134-139.

Ma Y, Bertone ER, Stanek EJ, Reed GW, Hebert JR, Cohen NL, Merriam PA, Ockene IS. Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult population. Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 158(1):85-92.

Marín-Guerrero AC, Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillón P, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Eating behaviours and obesity in the adult population of Spain. Br J Nutr. 2008 Nov; 100(5): 1,142-1,148.

Morse SA, Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Hirsch IB. Isn't this just bedtime snacking? The potential adverse effects of night-eating symptoms on treatment adherence and outcomes in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (8): 1,800-1,804.

Nonino-Borges CB, Martins Borges R, Bavaresco M, Suen VM, Moreira AC, Marchini JS. Influence of meal time on salivary circadian cortisol rhythms and weight loss in obese women. Nutrition, 2007; 23 (5): 385-391.

Peixoto Mdo R, Benico MH, Jardim PC. The relationship between body mass index and lifestyle in a Brazilian adult population: A cross-sectional survey. Cad Saude Publica. 2007 Nov; 23(11): 2,694-2,740.

Schusdziarra V, Hausmann M, Wittke C, Mittermeier J, Kellner M, Wagenpfeil S, Erdmann J. Contribution of energy density and food quantity to short-term fluctuations of energy intake in normal weight and obese subjects. Eur J Nutr 2010; 49 (1): 37-43.

Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL, Thompson D, Affenito S, Kraemer HC. Night eating: Prevalence and demographic correlates. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Jan; 14 (1): 139-147.

Summerbell CD, Moody RC, Shanks J, Stock MJ, Geissler C. Relationship between feeding pattern and body mass index in 220 free-living people in four age groups. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50:513-519.

Tholin S, Lindroos A, Tynelius P, Akerstedt T, Stunkard AJ, Bulik CM, Rasmussen F. Prevalence of night eating in obese and non-obese twins. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 May; 17 (5): 1,050-1,055.

Uchigata Y, Iwamoto Y. Survey of dietary habits in obese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with either OHA or insulin injections in Japan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007; 77(3): 371-376.

Vander Wal JS, Waller SM, Klurfeld DM, McBurney MI, Cho S, Kapila M, Dhurandhar NV. Effect of a post-dinner snack and partial meal replacement program on weight loss. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2006 Feb-Mar; 57(1-2): 97-106.

Whybrow S, Mayer C, Kirk TR, Mazlan N, Stubbs RJ. Effect of two weeks' mandatory snack consumption on energy intake and energy balance. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15(3): 673-685.

Zaveri S, Drummond S. The effect of including a conventional snack (cereal bar) and a nonconventional snack (almonds) on hunger, eating frequency, dietary intake and body weight. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2009; 22: 461-468.

Al-Rethaiaa AS, Fahmy AE, Al-Shwaiyat NM. Obesity and eating habits among college students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2010; 9: 39.

Bazzano LA, Song Y, Bubes V, Good CK, Manson JE, Liu S. Dietary intake of whole and refined grain breakfast cereals and weight gain in men. Obes Res. 2005, Nov; 13 (11): 1,952-1,960.

Cho S, Dietrich M, Brown CJP, Clark CA, Block G. The effect of breakfast type on total daily energy intake and body mass index: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22(4):296-302.

Crossman A, Anne Sullivan D, Benin M. The family environment and American adolescents' risk of obesity as young adults. Soc Sci Med. 2006; 63(9): 2,255-2,267.

Grujic V, Cvejin MM, Nikolic EA, Dragnic N, Jovanovic VM, Kvrgic S, Travar S. Association between obesity and socioeconomic factors and lifestyle. Vojnosanit Pregl 2009; 66 (9): 705-710.

Huang CJ, Hu HT, Fan YC, Liao YM, Tsai PS. Associations of breakfast skipping with obesity and health-related quality of life: Evidence from a national survey in Taiwan. Int J Obes. 2010; 34(4): 720-725.

Kant AK, Graubard BI. Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans: NHANES 1971-1975 to NHANES 1999-2002. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 Nov; 84 (5): 1,215-1,223.

Kant AK, Andon MB, Angelopoulos TJ, Rippe JM. Association of breakfast energy density with diet quality and body mass index in American adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2004. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88(5): 1,396-1,404.

Kent LM, Worsley A. Trends in BMI, diet and lifestyle between 1976 and 2005 in North Sydney. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2009; 18 (3): 453-461.

Kent LM, Worsley A. Breakfast size is related to body mass index for men, but not women. Nutr Res. 2010; 30(4): 240-245.

Malinauskas BM, Raedeke TD, Aeby VG, Smith JL, Dallas MB. Dieting practices, weight perceptions and body composition: A comparison of normal weight, overweight and obese college females. Nutr J 2006; 5: 11.

Martin A, Normand S, Sothier M, Peyrat J, Louche-Pelissier C, Laville M. Is advice for breakfast consumption justified? Results from a short-term dietary and metabolic experiment in young healthy men. Br J Nutr. 2000; 84:337-44.

Merten MJ, Williams AL, Shriver LH. Breakfast consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: Parental presence, community context, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Aug; 109 (8): 1,384-1,391.

Morgan KJ, Zabik ME, Stampley GL. The role of breakfast in diet adequacy of the U.S. adult population. J Am Coll Nutr 1986; 5: 551-563.

Niemeier HM, Raynor HA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Rogers ML, Wing RR. Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping: Predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. J Adolesc Health. 2006 Dec; 39(6): 842-829. Epub: 2006 Sep 27.

Nooyens AC, Visscher TL, Schuit AJ, van Rossum CT, Verschuren WM, van Mechelen W, Seidell JC. Effects of retirement on lifestyle in relation to changes in weight and waist circumference in Dutch men: A prospective study. Public Health Nutr. 2005 Dec; 8 (8): 1,266-1,274.

Ortega RM, Redondo MR, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Quintas ME, Zamora MJ, Andres P, Encinas-Sotillos A. Associations between obesity, breakfast-time food habits and intake of energy and nutrients in a group of elderly Madrid residents. J Am Coll Nutr 1996; 15(1):65-72.

Perusse-Lachance E, Tremblay A, Drapeau V. Lifestyle factors and other health measures in a Canadian university community. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010; 35(4): 498-506.

Purslow LR, Sandhu MS, Forouhi N, Young EH, Luben RN, Welch AA, Khaw KT, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ. Energy intake at breakfast and weight change: Prospective study of 6,764 middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Jan 15; 167 (2): 188-192. Epub 2007 Dec 12.

Raynor HA, Jeffery RW, Ruggiero AM, Clark JM, Delahanty LM; Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Research Group. Weight loss strategies associated with BMI in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes at entry into the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jul; 31(7): 1,299-1,304.

Schlundt DG, Hill JO, Sbrocco T, Pope-Cordle J, Sharp T. The role of breakfast in the treatment of obesity: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:645-651.

Song WO, Chun OK, Obayashi S, Cho S, Chung CE. Is consumption of breakfast associated with body mass index in US adults? J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:1373-82.

Summerbell CD, Moody RC, Shanks J, Stock MJ, Geissler C. Relationship between feeding pattern and body mass index in 220 free-living people in four age groups. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50:513-519.

Uchigata Y, Iwamoto Y. Survey of dietary habits in obese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with either OHA or insulin injections in Japan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007; 77(3): 371-376.

van der Heijden AA, Hu FB, Rimm EB, van Dam RM. A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among US men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Oct; 15(10): 2,463-2,469.

Williams P. Breakfast and the diets of Australian adults: An analysis of data from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2005; 56 (1): 65-79.

Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Mosca CL, Klem ML, Wing RR, Hill JO. Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity Research. 2002; 10(2):78-82.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Evidence-Based Systematic Reviews. Available at http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.gov/category.cfm?cid=21

AWM: Portion Control and Meal Replacements/Structured Meal Plans

Ashley JM, St. Jeor ST, Schrage JP, Perumean-Chaney SE, Gilbertson MC, McCall NL, Bovee V. Weight control in the physician's office. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 1599-1604.

Ditschuneit HH, Flechter-Mors M. Value of structured meals for weight management: risk factors and long-term weight maintenance. Obes Res 2001; 9: 284-289S.

Ditschuneit HH, Flechter-Mors M, Johnson TD, Adler G. Metabolic and weight-loss effects of a long-term dietary intervention in obese patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69(2): 198-204.

Flechter-Mors M, Ditschuneit HH, Johnson TD, Suchard MA, Adler G. Metabolic and weight loss effects of long-term dietary intervention in obese patients: four-year results. Obes Res 2000; 8(5): 399-402.

Metz JA, Kris-Etherton PM, Morris CD. Dietary compliance and cardiovascular risk reduction with a prepared meal plan compared with a self-selected diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66: 373-385.

Wing RR, Jeffery RW, Burton LR, Thorson C, Nissinoff KS, Baxter JE. Food provision vs. structured meal plans in the behavioral treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 Jan; 20 (1): 56-62.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Evidence-Based Systematic Reviews. Available at http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.gov/category.cfm?cid=21

AWM: Encourage Physical Activity

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

A Physical Activity Toolkit for Registered Dietitians: Utilizing Resources of Exercise is Medicine. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2013.

Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JM, Smith BK; American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41(2):459-71.

Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.

Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD003817.

AWM: Multiple Behavior Therapy Strategies

Weight control during the holidays: Highly consistent self-monitoring as a potentially useful coping mechanism. Health Psych 1998;17(4):367-370.

How can obese weight controllers minimize weight gain during the high risk holiday season? By self-monitoring very consistently. Health Psychol 1999;18(4):364-368.

Mattfeldt-Beman MK, Corrigan SA, Stevens, VJ, Sugars CP, Dalcin AT, Givi J, Copeland K. Participants' evaluation of a weight-loss program. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:66-71.

Milas NC, Nowalk MP, Akpele L, Castaldo L, Coyne T, Doroshenko L, Kigawa L, Korzec-Ramirez D, Scherch LK, Snetselaar L. Factors associated with adherence to the dietary protein intervention in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Nov; 95 (11): 1,295-1,300.

Streit KJ, Stevens NH, Stevens VJ, Rossner J. Food records: A predictor and modifier of weight change in a long-term weight loss program. J Am Diet Assoc. 1991; 91 (2): 213-216.

Effects of internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:1833-1836.

Ashley JM, St. Jeor ST, Schrage JP, Perumean-Chaney SE, Gilbertson MC, McCall NL, Bovee V. Weight control in the physician's office. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 1599-1604.

Ditschuneit HH, Flechter-Mors M. Value of structured meals for weight management: risk factors and long-term weight maintenance. Obes Res 2001; 9: 284-289S.

Ditschuneit HH, Flechter-Mors M, Johnson TD, Adler G. Metabolic and weight-loss effects of a long-term dietary intervention in obese patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69(2): 198-204.

Flechter-Mors M, Ditschuneit HH, Johnson TD, Suchard MA, Adler G. Metabolic and weight loss effects of long-term dietary intervention in obese patients: four-year results. Obes Res 2000; 8(5): 399-402.

Metz JA, Kris-Etherton PM, Morris CD. Dietary compliance and cardiovascular risk reduction with a prepared meal plan compared with a self-selected diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66: 373-385.

Wing RR, Jeffery RW, Burton LR, Thorson C, Nissinoff KS, Baxter JE. Food provision vs. structured meal plans in the behavioral treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 Jan; 20 (1): 56-62.

Fuller PR, Perri MG, Leermakers EA, Guyer LK. Effects of a personalized system of skill acquisition and an educational program in the treatment of obesity. Addictive Behaviors,1998, 23 (1): 97-100.

Jeffery RW and Wing RR. Long-term effects of interventions for weight loss using food provision and monetary incentives. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995 Oct; 63 (5): 793-796.

Paul-Ebhohimhen V and Avenell A. "Systematic review of the use of financial incentives in treatments for obesity and overweight." Obesity Reviews, 2007 October 23: 1-13.

Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Barrera M, Strycker LA. Assessment of problem-solving: a key to successful diabetes self-management. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2004 27 (5): 477-490.

Perri MG, Nezu AM, McKelvey WF, Shermer RL, Renjilian DA, Viegener BJ. Relapse prevention training and problem-solving therapy in the long-term management of obesity. 2001, August; 69 (4): 722-726.

Barrera M, Glasgow RE, McKay HG, Boles SM, Feil EG. Do Internet-based support interventions change perceptions of social support?: An experimental trial of approaches for supporting diabetes self-management. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2002. 30 (5): 637-654.

Barrera M, Toobert D, Angell K, Glasgow R, Mackinnon D. Social support and social-ecological resources as mediators of lifestyle intervention effects for type 2 diabetes. J Health Psychology. 2006; 11 (3): 483-495.

Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE, Strycker LA, Barrera M Jr, Ritzwoller DP, Weidner G. Long-term effects of the Mediterranean lifestyle program: a randomized clinical trial for postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007 Jan 17; 4:1.

Wing RR, Marcus MD, Epstein LH, Jawad A. A "family-based" approach to the treatment of obese type II diabetic patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991 Feb; 59 (1): 156-162.

Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999 Feb; 67 (1): 132-138.

Berry MW, Danish SJ, Rinke WJ, Smiciklas-Wright H. Work-site health promotion: the effects of a goal-setting program on nutrition-related behaviors. J Am Diet Assoc. 1989; 89 (7): 914-920, 923.

Clark M, Hampson SE, Avery L, Simpson R. Effects of a tailored lifestyle self-management intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes. Br J Health Psychol. 2004 Sep; 9 (Pt 3): 365-379.

Estabrooks PA, Nelson CC, Xu S, King D, Bayliss EA, Gaglio B, Nutting PA, Glasgow RE. The frequency and behavioral outcomes of goal choices in the self-management of diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2005 May-Jun; 31 (3): 391-400.

Shilts MK, Horowitz M, Townsend MS. Goal-setting as a strategy for dietary and physical activity behavior change: A review of the literature. Am J Health Promot. 2004 Nov-Dec; 19 (2): 81-93.

DeLucia JL, Kalodner CR. An individualized cognitive intervention: Does it increase the efficacy of behavioral interventions for obesity? Addict Behav. 1990; 15 (5): 473-479.

Bowen D, Ehret C, Pedersen M, Snetselaar L, Johnson M, Tinker L, Hollinger D, Lichty I, Bland K, Sivertsen D, Ocken D, Staats L, Beedoe J W. Results of an adjunt dietary intervention program in the Women's Health Initiative. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2002; 102 (11): 1,631-1,637.

Resnicow K, Jackson A, Wang T, De AK, McCarty F, Dudley WN, Baranowski T. A motivational interviewing intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake through black churches: results of the Eat for Life Trial. American Journal of Public Health. 2001; 91 (10): 1,686-1,692.

Smith DE, Heckemeyer CM, Kratt PP, Mason DA. Motivational interviewing to improve adherence to behavioral weight-cotnrol program for older obese women with NIDDM. Diabetes Care.1997; 20 (1): 52-54.

West DS, DiLillo V, Bursac Z, Gore SA, Greene PG. Motivational interviewing improves weight loss in women with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care. 2007; 30 (5): 1,081-1,087.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Evidence-Based Systematic Reviews. Available at http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.gov/category.cfm?cid=21

Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ, Poobalan A, Aucott L, Stearns SC, Smith WC, Jung RT, Campbell MK, Grant AM. Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. Health Technol Assess 2004;8(21):iii-iv, 1-182.

Shaw K, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C, Kenardy J. Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD003818.

AWM: Coordination of Care

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Evidence-Based Systematic Reviews. Available at http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.gov/category.cfm?cid=21

Colquitt JL, Picot J, Loveman E, Clegg AJ. Surgery for obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD003641.

Flodgren G, Deane K, Dickinson HO, Kirk S, Alberti H, Beyer FR, Brown JG, Penney TL, Summerbell CD, Eccles MP. Interventions to change the behavior of health professionals and the organisation of care to promote weight reduction in overweight and obese people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD000984.

Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DC. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(3):CD004094.

Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation

AWM: Monitor and Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Comprehensive Weight Management Program

None.

References not graded in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process

2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Evidence-Based Systematic Reviews. Available at http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.gov/category.cfm?cid=21

AWM: Monitor and Evaluate Energy Intake and Energy Needs

Ashley JM, Herzog H, Clodfelter S, Bovee V, Schrage J, Pritsos C. Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: A randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group. Nutrition Journal 2007; 6: 12.

Gardner CD, Kim S, Bersamin A, Dopler-Nelson M, Otten J, Oelrich B, Cherin R. Micronutrient quality of weight-loss diets that focus on macronutrients: results from the A TO Z study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92 (2): 304-312.

Ma Y, Pagoto SL, Griffith JA, Merriam PA, Ockene IS, Hafner AR, Olendzki BC. A dietary quality comparison of popular weight-loss plans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107 (10): 1,786-1,791.

Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Meal replacements are as effective as structured weight-loss diets for treating obesity in adults with features of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2004; 134(8): 1894-1899.

Truby H, Hiscutt R, Herriot AM, Stanley M, Delooy A, Fox KR, Baic S, Robson PJ, Macdonald I, Taylor MA, Ware R, Logan C, Livingstone M. Commercial weight loss diets meet nutrient requirements in free living adults over 8 weeks: a randomised controlled weight loss trial. Nutr J. 2008; 7: 25.

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